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Fixes #190: GPU-enable all classification operations #852

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brendancol merged 8 commits into from
Feb 20, 2026
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Fixes #190: GPU-enable all classification operations #852

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835b5b1
GPU-enable all classification ops: equal_interval, quantile, natural_…
brendancol Feb 19, 2026
9b726c5
fix OOM in dask classification backends for large datasets
brendancol Feb 19, 2026
7ce3707
optimize classification ops: reduce memory allocations and dask passes
brendancol Feb 19, 2026
62919a0
add 14 new classify tests: mutation safety, edge cases, cross-backend…
brendancol Feb 19, 2026
aaf8367
added a few more classify methods and experimental geodesic slope and…
brendancol Feb 20, 2026
dede1b9
added supported geodesic helpers and test
brendancol Feb 20, 2026
dc1d4b6
add description column to README feature matrix tables
brendancol Feb 20, 2026
d82be7a
fix non-deterministic maximum_breaks when gaps are equal
brendancol Feb 20, 2026
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135 changes: 70 additions & 65 deletions README.md
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Expand Up @@ -135,112 +135,117 @@ In the GIS world, rasters are used for representing continuous phenomena (e.g. e

### **Classification**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Equal Interval](xrspatial/classify.py) |✅️ |✅ | ✅ | ️ |
| [Natural Breaks](xrspatial/classify.py) |✅️ | | | ️ |
| [Reclassify](xrspatial/classify.py) |✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Quantile](xrspatial/classify.py) |✅️ | ✅ |✅ | ️|
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:------------|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Box Plot](xrspatial/classify.py) | Classifies values into bins based on box plot quartile boundaries | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Equal Interval](xrspatial/classify.py) | Divides the value range into equal-width bins | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Head/Tail Breaks](xrspatial/classify.py) | Classifies heavy-tailed distributions using recursive mean splitting | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Maximum Breaks](xrspatial/classify.py) | Finds natural groupings by maximizing differences between sorted values | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Natural Breaks](xrspatial/classify.py) | Optimizes class boundaries to minimize within-class variance (Jenks) | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Percentiles](xrspatial/classify.py) | Assigns classes based on user-defined percentile breakpoints | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Quantile](xrspatial/classify.py) | Distributes values into classes with equal observation counts | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Reclassify](xrspatial/classify.py) | Remaps pixel values to new classes using a user-defined lookup | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |
| [Std Mean](xrspatial/classify.py) | Classifies values by standard deviation intervals from the mean | ✅️ |✅ | ✅ |✅ |

-------

### **Focal**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Apply](xrspatial/focal.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | | |
| [Hotspots](xrspatial/focal.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| [Mean](xrspatial/focal.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| [Focal Statistics](xrspatial/focal.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:------------|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Apply](xrspatial/focal.py) | Applies a custom function over a sliding neighborhood window | ✅️ | ✅️ | | |
| [Hotspots](xrspatial/focal.py) | Identifies statistically significant spatial clusters using Getis-Ord Gi* | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| [Mean](xrspatial/focal.py) | Computes the mean value within a sliding neighborhood window | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| [Focal Statistics](xrspatial/focal.py) | Computes summary statistics over a sliding neighborhood window | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |

-------

### **Multispectral**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index (EBBI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Green Chlorophyll Index (GCI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Normalized Burn Ratio 2 (NBR2)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [True Color](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | ✅️ | ️ | ✅️ | ️ |
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:------------|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Vegetation index resistant to atmospheric effects using blue band correction | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index (EBBI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Highlights built-up areas and barren land from thermal and SWIR bands | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Enhanced vegetation index reducing soil and atmospheric noise | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Green Chlorophyll Index (GCI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Estimates leaf chlorophyll content from green and NIR reflectance | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Measures burn severity using NIR and SWIR band difference | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Normalized Burn Ratio 2 (NBR2)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Refines burn severity mapping using two SWIR bands | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Detects vegetation moisture stress from NIR and SWIR reflectance | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Quantifies vegetation density from red and NIR band difference | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Vegetation index with soil brightness correction factor | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [Structure Insensitive Pigment Index (SIPI)](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Estimates carotenoid-to-chlorophyll ratio for plant stress detection | ✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |✅️ |
| [True Color](xrspatial/multispectral.py) | Composites red, green, and blue bands into a natural color image | ✅️ | ️ | ✅️ | ️ |

-------


### **Pathfinding**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [A* Pathfinding](xrspatial/pathfinding.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:------------|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [A* Pathfinding](xrspatial/pathfinding.py) | Finds the least-cost path between two cells on a cost surface | ✅️ | | | |

----------

### **Proximity**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Allocation](xrspatial/proximity.py) | ✅️ | ✅ | | |
| [Direction](xrspatial/proximity.py) | ✅️ | ✅ | | |
| [Proximity](xrspatial/proximity.py) | ✅️ | ✅ | | |
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:------------|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Allocation](xrspatial/proximity.py) | Assigns each cell to the identity of the nearest source feature | ✅️ | ✅ | | |
| [Direction](xrspatial/proximity.py) | Computes the direction from each cell to the nearest source feature | ✅️ | ✅ | | |
| [Proximity](xrspatial/proximity.py) | Computes the distance from each cell to the nearest source feature | ✅️ | ✅ | | |

--------

### **Raster to vector**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:-----|:------------------:|:-----------------:|:---------------------:|:---------------------:|
| [Polygonize](xrspatial/experimental/polygonize.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:-----|:------------|:------------------:|:-----------------:|:---------------------:|:---------------------:|
| [Polygonize](xrspatial/experimental/polygonize.py) | Converts contiguous regions of equal value into vector polygons | ✅️ | | | |

--------

### **Surface**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Aspect](xrspatial/aspect.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ |
| [Curvature](xrspatial/curvature.py) | ✅️ |✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |
| [Hillshade](xrspatial/hillshade.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | | |
| [Slope](xrspatial/slope.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ |
| [Terrain Generation](xrspatial/terrain.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| [Viewshed](xrspatial/viewshed.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Perlin Noise](xrspatial/perlin.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| [Bump Mapping](xrspatial/bump.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:------------|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Aspect](xrspatial/aspect.py) | Computes downslope direction of each cell in degrees | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ |
| [Curvature](xrspatial/curvature.py) | Measures rate of slope change (concavity/convexity) at each cell | ✅️ |✅️ |✅️ | ✅️ |
| [Hillshade](xrspatial/hillshade.py) | Simulates terrain illumination from a given sun angle and azimuth | ✅️ | ✅️ | | |
| [Slope](xrspatial/slope.py) | Computes terrain gradient steepness at each cell in degrees | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ |
| [Terrain Generation](xrspatial/terrain.py) | Generates synthetic terrain elevation using fractal noise | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| [Viewshed](xrspatial/viewshed.py) | Determines visible cells from a given observer point on terrain | ✅️ | | | |
| [Perlin Noise](xrspatial/perlin.py) | Generates smooth continuous random noise for procedural textures | ✅️ | ✅️ | ✅️ | |
| [Bump Mapping](xrspatial/bump.py) | Adds randomized bump features to simulate natural terrain variation | ✅️ | | | |

-----------

### **Zonal**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Apply](xrspatial/zonal.py) | ✅️ | ✅️ | | |
| [Crop](xrspatial/zonal.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Regions](xrspatial/zonal.py) | | | | |
| [Trim](xrspatial/zonal.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Zonal Statistics](xrspatial/zonal.py) | ✅️ | ✅️| | |
| [Zonal Cross Tabulate](xrspatial/zonal.py) | ✅️ | ✅️| | |
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:------------|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Apply](xrspatial/zonal.py) | Applies a custom function to each zone in a classified raster | ✅️ | ✅️ | | |
| [Crop](xrspatial/zonal.py) | Extracts the bounding rectangle of a specific zone | ✅️ | | | |
| [Regions](xrspatial/zonal.py) | Identifies connected regions of non-zero cells | | | | |
| [Trim](xrspatial/zonal.py) | Removes nodata border rows and columns from a raster | ✅️ | | | |
| [Zonal Statistics](xrspatial/zonal.py) | Computes summary statistics for a value raster within each zone | ✅️ | ✅️| | |
| [Zonal Cross Tabulate](xrspatial/zonal.py) | Cross-tabulates agreement between two categorical rasters | ✅️ | ✅️| | |

-----------

### **Local**

| Name | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Cell Stats](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Combine](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Lesser Frequency](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Equal Frequency](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Greater Frequency](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Lowest Position](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Highest Position](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Popularity](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| [Rank](xrspatial/local.py) | ✅️ | | | |
| Name | Description | NumPy xr.DataArray | Dask xr.DataArray | CuPy GPU xr.DataArray | Dask GPU xr.DataArray |
|:----------:|:------------|:----------------------:|:--------------------:|:-------------------:|:------:|
| [Cell Stats](xrspatial/local.py) | Computes summary statistics across multiple rasters per cell | ✅️ | | | |
| [Combine](xrspatial/local.py) | Assigns unique IDs to each distinct combination across rasters | ✅️ | | | |
| [Lesser Frequency](xrspatial/local.py) | Counts how many rasters have values less than a reference | ✅️ | | | |
| [Equal Frequency](xrspatial/local.py) | Counts how many rasters have values equal to a reference | ✅️ | | | |
| [Greater Frequency](xrspatial/local.py) | Counts how many rasters have values greater than a reference | ✅️ | | | |
| [Lowest Position](xrspatial/local.py) | Identifies which raster has the minimum value at each cell | ✅️ | | | |
| [Highest Position](xrspatial/local.py) | Identifies which raster has the maximum value at each cell | ✅️ | | | |
| [Popularity](xrspatial/local.py) | Returns the value from the most common position across rasters | ✅️ | | | |
| [Rank](xrspatial/local.py) | Ranks cell values across multiple rasters per cell | ✅️ | | | |

#### Usage

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5 changes: 5 additions & 0 deletions xrspatial/__init__.py
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@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
from xrspatial.aspect import aspect # noqa
from xrspatial.bump import bump # noqa
from xrspatial.classify import binary # noqa
from xrspatial.classify import box_plot # noqa
from xrspatial.classify import head_tail_breaks # noqa
from xrspatial.classify import maximum_breaks # noqa
from xrspatial.classify import percentiles # noqa
from xrspatial.classify import std_mean # noqa
from xrspatial.diagnostics import diagnose # noqa
from xrspatial.classify import equal_interval # noqa
from xrspatial.classify import natural_breaks # noqa
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