Generalize focal PG core build to a parameterized PG13-17 pipeline

[kemalbuyukkaya]

What

Generalizes the PG16-only focal pipeline (#1182) into a single parameterized pipeline keyed on PG_MAJOR, covering every focal-buildable major: PostgreSQL 13, 14, 15, 16, 17.

PGDG stopped shipping Ubuntu 20.04 (focal) binaries once focal reached EOL standard support. These five majors are the ones that still receive new upstream minors beyond their last focal build, so rebuilding them gives focal users newer minors with a working, focal-native JIT.

How

• scripts/build_pg16_focal → scripts/build_pg_focal
  • New PG_MAJOR input (13|14|15|16|17).
  • PG_UPSTREAM_VERSION now auto-resolves to the latest minor for the major from the live PGDG pool (still pinnable) — no edit needed on a new minor release.
  • DEBIAN_BASE comes from a static, frozen per-major map (focal is EOL, so the last focal packaging never changes), overridable via PG_DEBIAN_BASE.
  • The hardcoded hurd-iovec drop is replaced by a declarative PG_DROP_PATCHES list (default hurd-iovec, a no-op where absent); future patch drift becomes a one-line, no-code change. The quilt-series gate stays as the fail-loud safety net.
• dockerfiles/pg16-focal-builder/ → dockerfiles/focal-pg-builder/ — one generic builder image (focal-pgdg main 13 14 15 16 17), built once and reused per major.
• .github/workflows/build-pg16-focal.yml → .github/workflows/build-pg-focal.yml — a setup job computes the matrix (a single major via workflow_dispatch, or all of 13–17 by default); build-and-sign matrixes over majors with fail-fast: false. Signing/verify/upload are unchanged but namespaced per major. Triggers on the pg-focal branch.

Validation

Built end-to-end for all five majors (real compiles on focal). Each produced the full 13-package set, depending on focal-native libllvm10/libssl1.1 (working JIT); hurd-iovec dropped only on 16/17:

Major	Auto minor	Frozen base	#debs	JIT dep	Patch dropped
13	13.23	13.21-1.pgdg20.04+1	13	libllvm10	(none)
14	14.23	14.18-1.pgdg20.04+1	13	libllvm10	(none)
15	15.18	15.13-1.pgdg20.04+1	13	libllvm10	(none)
16	16.14	16.9-1.pgdg20.04+1	13	libllvm10	hurd-iovec
17	17.10	17.5-1.pgdg20.04+1	13	libllvm10	hurd-iovec

65 .debs total; each server package contains the postgres binary. The signing step is unchanged from #1182 and only runs in CI (needs the deployed citusdata/packaging:debsigner image + PACKAGING_SECRET_KEY/PACKAGING_PASSPHRASE).

Notes

• Branched from pg16-focal so the generalization is a traceable diff; pg16-focal can be deleted once this is accepted.
• 11/12 are intentionally excluded (EOL — no minor newer than their last focal build); 18 never shipped on focal.

Supersedes #1182.

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